Governments in autocratic and semi-autocratic countries are more prone to abuse AI surveillance than governments in liberal democracies.The most important factor determining whether governments will deploy this technology for repressive purposes is the quality of their governance. This does not inevitably mean that democracies are abusing these systems. 1 Governments in full democracies are deploying a range of surveillance technology, from safe city platforms to facial recognition cameras. In contrast, 37 percent of closed autocratic states, 41 percent of electoral autocratic/competitive autocratic states, and 41 percent of electoral democracies/illiberal democracies deploy AI surveillance technology. The index shows that 51 percent of advanced democracies deploy AI surveillance systems. Liberal democracies are major users of AI surveillance.Democracies are not taking adequate steps to monitor and control the spread of sophisticated technologies linked to a range of violations. Other companies based in liberal democracies-France, Germany, Israel, Japan-are also playing important roles in proliferating this technology. companies are IBM (eleven countries), Palantir (nine countries), and Cisco (six countries). firms is present in thirty-two countries. AI surveillance technology supplied by U.S. But China is not the only country supplying advanced surveillance tech worldwide.This raises troubling questions about the extent to which the Chinese government is subsidizing the purchase of advanced repressive technology. These tactics are particularly relevant in countries like Kenya, Laos, Mongolia, Uganda, and Uzbekistan-which otherwise might not access this technology. Chinese product pitches are often accompanied by soft loans to encourage governments to purchase their equipment.The next largest non-Chinese supplier of AI surveillance tech is Japan’s NEC Corporation (fourteen countries). Huawei alone is responsible for providing AI surveillance technology to at least fifty countries worldwide. Technology linked to Chinese companies-particularly Huawei, Hikvision, Dahua, and ZTE-supply AI surveillance technology in sixty-three countries, thirty-six of which have signed onto China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China is a major driver of AI surveillance worldwide.This includes: smart city/safe city platforms (fifty-six countries), facial recognition systems (sixty-four countries), and smart policing (fifty-two countries). At least seventy-five out of 176 countries globally are actively using AI technologies for surveillance purposes. AI surveillance technology is spreading at a faster rate to a wider range of countries than experts have commonly understood.Which countries and companies are supplying this technology?.What specific types of AI surveillance are governments deploying?.Which countries are adopting AI surveillance technology?.Rather, the purpose of the research is to show how new surveillance capabilities are transforming the ability of governments to monitor and track individuals or systems. It does not distinguish between legitimate and unlawful uses of AI surveillance. The index compiles empirical data on AI surveillance use for 176 countries around the world. To provide greater clarity, this paper presents an AI Global Surveillance (AIGS) Index-representing one of the first research efforts of its kind. Unfortunately, such information is scarce. In order to appropriately address the effects of this technology, it is important to first understand where these tools are being deployed and how they are being used. Yet a growing number of states are deploying advanced AI surveillance tools to monitor, track, and surveil citizens to accomplish a range of policy objectives-some lawful, others that violate human rights, and many of which fall into a murky middle ground. Businesses harness AI capabilities to improve analytic processing city officials tap AI to monitor traffic congestion and oversee smart energy metering. Startling developments keep emerging, from the onset of deepfake videos that blur the line between truth and falsehood, to advanced algorithms that can beat the best players in the world in multiplayer poker. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is rapidly proliferating around the world.
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